Deciding whether to start ADHD medication is rarely a simple choice for parents. For many families, it involves careful observation, doubts, and repeated discussions before moving forward.
Before starting treatment, doctors often first consider whether any underlying medical conditions could be contributing to attention or behavior difficulties.
In some cases, basic blood tests may be suggested to rule out common issues such as iron deficiency, thyroid imbalance, or vitamin deficiencies that can affect attention, energy, and behavior.
To be clear, the 7 blood tests for ADHD in children do not diagnose ADHD itself. ADHD is diagnosed clinically, not through laboratory testing. However, these tests can help identify underlying biological factors that may influence symptoms or treatment response.
Dr. Pande reviewed the clinical accuracy of this article, validated the optimal lab ranges based on his diagnostic experience, and confirmed the research references meet scientific standards. His review ensures the guidance in this article reflects real-world clinical findings, not just textbook values.
When Should You Consider Blood Tests for ADHD in Children
In some children, doctors may suggest blood tests when the clinical picture is not straightforward or when additional medical factors are suspected.
This is often considered when
- Symptoms start suddenly or worsen quickly
- ADHD medication has not worked as expected
- The child struggles with sleep, fatigue, or unusual mood swings
- There are concerns about growth, appetite, or energy levels
- There is a family history of thyroid conditions or nutritional deficiencies
Why Doctors Recommend Blood Tests Before Starting ADHD Medication
Some clinicians consider basic blood tests before starting ADHD medication when symptoms are not fully clear or when the child’s response pattern raises additional questions.
The goal is not to replace diagnosis, but to understand whether any underlying medical factors may be influencing symptoms or treatment outcomes.
1. To Rule Out Conditions That Can Mimic ADHD
In clinical practice, symptoms such as poor concentration, restlessness, irritability, or low motivation are not specific to ADHD alone. Conditions like thyroid imbalance, iron deficiency, or low magnesium levels can present in a similar way.
If these underlying issues are missed, ADHD medication alone may not fully address the child’s symptoms, because the contributing medical factor remains untreated.
2. Support Medication Response
Brain function related to attention and behavior is influenced by several nutrients, including iron, zinc, and magnesium. These nutrients are involved in neurotransmitter activity, including dopamine regulation.
When these levels are low, some children may respond less predictably to ADHD medication. Identifying and correcting these gaps can support a more consistent treatment response.
3. Reduce Side EffectsTo Improve Tolerance and Reduce Side Effects
Children with nutrient gaps or unstable blood sugar may experience more difficulty tolerating medication, including irritability, sleep disturbances, or stronger rebound symptoms as the medication effect fades.
Addressing these issues before starting medication can lead to a smoother experience.
7 Blood Tests for ADHD in Children (Clinical Checklist)
Below is a commonly used clinical screening panel in selected ADHD evaluations. These are not required for every child and should always be guided by a healthcare professional.
| Marker | Why It Is Tested | Optimal Target for ADHD |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Thyroid Panel | Controls energy and mood; rules out conditions that mimic ADHD | TSH: 1.0–2.5; FT3: 5.5–8; FT4: 14–20 |
| 2. Ferritin | Stores iron needed for dopamine production | 50–100 ng/mL |
| 3. Zinc (Plasma) | Regulates dopamine and melatonin; supports sleep | 90–115 µg/dL |
| 4. Vitamin D | Supports focus, impulse control and mood regulation | 50–80 ng/mL |
| 5. B12, Folate and Homocysteine | Essential for neurotransmitter synthesis and brain chemistry | B12: 600–900 pg/mL; Folate: 10–15 ng/mL; Homocysteine: below 8 |
| 6. RBC Magnesium | Calms the nervous system and reduces hyperactivity | 6.0–6.5 mg/dL |
| 7. Diabetes Profile | Prevents blood sugar spikes that cause impulsivity and poor focus | Glucose: 80–90 mg/dL; HbA1c: 4.8–5.2%; Insulin: 2.0–6.0 uIU/mL |
Note: These ranges are not used to diagnose ADHD. They may vary by age, laboratory standards, and clinical context. Interpretation should always be done with a qualified pediatrician.
What Most Doctors Actually Order (And When These 7 Tests Apply)
Most pediatricians do not run these 7 tests as a routine part of ADHD evaluation, and that is not a gap in care.
Most doctors focus on understanding the child’s behavior across different settings, rather than ordering a full panel of blood tests. This usually includes
- Parent and teacher questionnaires,
- Developmental history, and
- A clinical interview.
to understand symptom patterns over time.
Basic blood work, such as a complete blood count (CBC) or thyroid function test, may be considered in selected cases, particularly when symptoms suggest an underlying medical concern. However, tests like ferritin, zinc, or magnesium are not part of routine ADHD evaluation and are typically ordered only when clinically indicated.
In most cases, these additional 7 tests fall outside standard diagnostic practice. They are not required for every child and are usually considered in specific situations rather than as a default evaluation.
When a Doctor May Consider These Additional Blood Tests
In clinical practice, broader testing may be considered when::
- The diagnosis is uncertain or symptoms are unusually mixed.
- Medication has been tried but results have been inconsistent or poorly tolerated.
- The child also has sleep problems, fatigue, restless legs, or appetite changes.
- A parent raises concerns about nutritional or hormonal contributors.
- There is a family history of thyroid disease, iron deficiency, or metabolic conditions.
1. Thyroid Panel (TSH, Free T3/T4, TPO Antibodies)
Thyroid imbalance can sometimes mimic ADHD-like symptoms in children. The thyroid regulates metabolism and brain energy, and even small hormone changes may affect attention, mood, and activity levels.
- Hypothyroidism (Underactive): This condition causes “brain fog,” slow processing speed, and poor memory. These symptoms can be misinterpreted as the inattentive type of ADHD.
- Hyperthyroidism (Overactive): This condition creates restlessness, anxiety, and an inability to sit still. These symptoms can be confused with the hyperactive-Impulsive type of ADHD.
Clinical Note: Thyroid conditions are often treatable. If a thyroid issue is contributing to symptoms, addressing it may improve focus and behavior.
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
A basic TSH screening is not always enough. Ask for these markers:
- TSH: To see if the brain is signaling the thyroid correctly.
- Free T3 & Free T4: To measure the actual hormones available for brain function.
- TPO Antibodies: To rule out autoimmune-related cognitive symptoms.
Pediatric Thyroid Reference Range
| Age Group | TSH (mIU/L) | Free T3 (pmol/L) | Free T4 (pmol/L) | Optimal Target for Focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–6 years | 0.5 – 4.5 | 3.7 – 8.5 | 12.0 – 22.0 | TSH ~1–2, T3 ~6.5–8, T4 ~17–20. |
| 7–12 years | 0.5 – 4.5 | 3.9 – 8.0 | 11.5 – 20.0 | TSH ~1–2, T3 ~6–7.5, T4 ~16–19. |
| 13–18 years | 0.5 – 4.5 | 3.9 – 7.7 | 11.0 – 18.0 | TSH ~1.5–2.5, T3 ~5.5–7, T4 ~14–17. |
Related Reading: If your child’s focus issues are paired with growth changes or unusual temperature sensitivity, it may not be ADHD alone. You may want to ask: Is It ADHD or a Thyroid Condition?
2. CBC + Ferritin (Iron Stores)
Iron is essential for dopamine synthesis, the neurotransmitter responsible for focus, motivation, and executive function.
When iron levels are low, the brain simply can not produce enough dopamine to maintain attention. This effect can also influence sleep and overall energy levels.
Symptoms may include:
- Restless sleep or frequent night awakenings
- Leg discomfort or restlessness at night
- Daytime fatigue or low energy
- Increased irritability
- Difficulty focusing the next day
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
It is helpful to request a serum ferritin test along with a standard CBC (complete blood count).
A CBC helps detect active anemia, while ferritin reflects the body’s stored iron levels. Both tests together provide a more complete picture of iron status.
Important Clinical Note: A child’s CBC can appear normal even when iron stores are low. In some cases, this gap may still affect energy, sleep, and attention.
Pediatric Ferritin Reference Range
A normal CBC does not necessarily mean iron levels are adequate. A child can have a completely normal complete blood count while their ferritin (iron stores) is still critically low. Low ferritin can affect dopamine production, which is closely related to focus and attention.
| Age Group | Lab “Normal” Range (ng/mL) | Optimal Target for ADHD and Focus |
|---|---|---|
| 1–6 years | 15 – 200 | Ferritin: 50 – 80 ng/mL |
| 7–12 years | 15 – 200 | Ferritin: 50 – 90 ng/mL |
| 13–18 years | 20 – 250 | Ferritin: 60 – 100 ng/mL |
Related Reading: If your child struggles with restless sleep or frequent leg movements at night, iron levels may be part of the picture. As a result, some children are misidentified. Read our guide:
Is It ADHD or Iron Deficiency in Children? 7 Hidden Signs of Misdiagnosis.
3. Plasma Zinc
Zinc is an essential co-factor for dopamine regulation. Without adequate zinc, the brain struggles to use dopamine effectively, leading to significant challenges with attention, impulse control, and mood.
Zinc is also required for the body to absorb Vitamin B6. A deficiency in zinc can create a “hidden” B6 deficiency, resulting in irritability and a lower threshold for stress.
Furthermore, low zinc is linked to a poorer response to stimulant medications. Correcting this nutritional gap can often help medication work more effectively, sometimes allowing for optimal results at lower doses.
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
Request a Plasma Zinc test. For the most accurate results, this should be done as a fasting blood draw in the morning, as zinc levels fluctuate significantly after eating.
Pediatric Zinc Reference Range
Zinc levels shift after eating. A plasma zinc test taken after a meal can appear normal when levels are actually low. Always request a fasting, morning blood draw for accurate results.
| Age Group | Lab “Normal” Range (µg/dL) | Optimal Target for ADHD and Focus |
|---|---|---|
| 1–6 years | 60 – 120 | Zinc: 90 – 110 µg/dL |
| 7–12 years | 60 – 120 | Zinc: 90 – 110 µg/dL |
| 13–18 years | 60 – 120 | Zinc: 95 – 115 µg/dL |
4. Vitamin D (25‑Hydroxy Test)
Vitamin D is far more than a bone health nutrient. It acts as a neurosteroid hormone, supporting nerve growth and helping regulate both serotonin and dopamine.
Deficiency often leads to emotional dysregulation, irritability, low mood, and slower cognitive processing, symptoms that frequently overlap with ADHD.
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
Request a 25‑Hydroxy Vitamin D test (25‑OH D). This is the most accurate measure of your child’s actual Vitamin D stores.
Pediatric Vitamin D Reference Range
| Category | Lab “Normal” Range (ng/mL) | Optimal Target for ADHD and Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Bone Health | Above 30 | Prevents physical disease but may not support focus. |
| Mental Health and Focus | 30 – 100 | Optimal: 50 – 80 ng/mL |
5. Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine
B12 and Folate act as the essential fuel your child’s brain needs to build focus and regulate mood. They are responsible for creating important messengers like dopamine and serotonin.
However, sometimes a child’s body struggles to actually use these vitamins efficiently (often due to a common genetic variation known as MTHFR). When this process slows down, the brain cannot create enough dopamine, leading to two major issues:
- Poor Focus: Without adequate dopamine, attention spans naturally drop.
- High Stress & Anxiety: A struggling system often results in low stress tolerance and emotional meltdowns, which can easily be mistaken for ADHD-related behavior.
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
A “normal” B12 test result can actually be misleading. To see if your child’s body is truly absorbing and using these vitamins, request these specific markers:
- Serum B12 & Folate: This simply checks how much of the vitamins are floating in the bloodstream.
- Homocysteine (The “Gold Standard” Marker): Think of homocysteine as the brain’s “exhaust.” B‑vitamins are supposed to clean it up. If homocysteine levels are high, it is a major red flag that the cleanup process is broken. It tells you that the body is not actually using the vitamins, even if standard tests look fine.
Pediatric B12, Folate, and Homocysteine Reference Range
| Marker | Lab “Normal” Range | Optimal Target for ADHD and Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 200 – 900 pg/mL | B12: 600 – 900 pg/mL |
| Folate (B9) | 4 – 20 ng/mL | Folate: 10 – 15 ng/mL |
| Homocysteine | 5 – 15 µmol/L | Homocysteine: Below 7 or 8 µmol/L |
6. RBC Magnesium
Magnesium is the nervous system’s natural calming mineral. It regulates neurotransmitter release and helps the brain shift out of overdrive.
Children with ADHD tend to deplete magnesium faster than other children due to higher stress responses and metabolic rates.
When magnesium levels are low, the brain struggles to pause or relax, creating the familiar “wired but tired” sensation.
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
Request an RBC Magnesium (Red Blood Cell Magnesium) test. Standard “Serum Magnesium” tests only measure the 1% of magnesium in the blood; the RBC test measures the magnesium inside the cells, where it actually does its work.
Pediatric RBC Magnesium Reference Range
| Age Group | Lab “Normal” Range (mg/dL) | Optimal Target for ADHD and Focus |
|---|---|---|
| 1–6 years | 4.2 – 6.8 | RBC Magnesium: 6.0 – 6.5 mg/dL |
| 7–12 years | 4.2 – 6.8 | RBC Magnesium: 6.0 – 6.5 mg/dL |
| 13–18 years | 4.2 – 6.8 | RBC Magnesium: 6.2 – 6.5 mg/dL |
7. Diabetes Profile (Fasting Glucose, HbA1c, Insulin)
Blood sugar instability is one of the most underappreciated causes of ADHD-like behavior.
When blood sugar spikes and crashes, children can become impulsive, unfocused, and emotionally reactive.
Children with unstable blood sugar may respond unevenly to ADHD medication or have stronger “crashes” as the effects fade. Checking this early can make treatment more stable and predictable.
What to Ask Your Pediatrician
Request a Diabetes Profile to evaluate glucose stability and metabolic health:
- Fasting Glucose: Measures baseline sugar levels after an overnight fast.
- HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c): Reflects average blood sugar control over the past 2–3 months.
- Fasting Insulin: Helps identify Insulin Resistance early, which can cause sugar crashes even if the glucose numbers look “normal.
Pediatric Blood Sugar Reference Range
| Marker | Lab “Normal” Range | Optimal Target for ADHD and Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Fasting Glucose | 70 – 99 mg/dL | 80 – 90 mg/dL |
| HbA1c (3-Mo Average) | 4.0% – 5.6% | 4.8% – 5.2% |
| Fasting Insulin | 2.6 – 24.9 uIU/mL | 2.0 – 6.0 uIU/mL |
Related Reading: If your child is constantly fidgeting or unable to relax at night, mineral balance may play a role. Therefore, you may want to explore this guide: Magnesium for ADHD in Children: Can This Mineral Calm Hyperactivity?
What the Research Says About Blood Tests and ADHD
Research increasingly shows that nutrient deficiencies and hormonal imbalances can directly affect brain chemistry. In some children, these underlying issues may be driving ADHD-like symptoms entirely on their own.
Here is what the studies show for each of the 7 tests covered in this guide.
1. Thyroid and ADHD-like symptoms
Thyroid dysfunction and ADHD share a surprisingly large overlap in symptoms.
A 2024 study published in BMC Neurology reported that individuals with hyperthyroidism often experience symptoms nearly identical to ADHD, including anxiety, irritability, and physical restlessness.1
Separate 2020 research found that children born to mothers with hypothyroidism were significantly more likely to receive an ADHD diagnosis, highlighting the strong genetic and hormonal link between thyroid health and focus.2
2. Iron Deficiency and the Dopamine Link
The connection between iron and ADHD is one of the most consistently supported findings in pediatric research.
Multiple studies, including a 2018 study published in Nature3 and a 2020 meta-analysis of 17 studies,4 have confirmed that children with ADHD often show lower serum ferritin levels, suggested that iron deficiency may affect attention and behavior.
3. Zinc and Medication Efficacy in Children With ADHD
Research published in Nature found that children with ADHD consistently show lower zinc levels compared to children without the condition.5
Clinical trials have taken this further, showing that children with zinc deficiency often need higher doses of stimulant medication to see a benefit.
Correcting the zinc gap first may allow medication to work more effectively and in some cases at a lower and more comfortable dose.6
4. Vitamin D Deficiency and ADHD Symptoms
In 2024, research published in Biological Psychology reported that children with ADHD have significantly lower Vitamin D levels compared to their neurotypical peers.
Vitamin D supports both serotonin and dopamine regulation. When levels are low, children are more prone to emotional dysregulation, irritability, and slower cognitive processing, all of which overlap directly with ADHD symptoms.7
5. MTHFR Gene and ADHD Connection
A 2022 review found that genetic variants in the MTHFR gene can reduce the body’s ability to use folate and vitamin B12 effectively.8, 9
When this happens, homocysteine levels rise and elevated homocysteine interferes with the brain’s ability to produce dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The result is often poor focus, emotional dysregulation, and heightened anxiety that closely mirrors ADHD.
6. Magnesium Deficiency and ADHD
In 2019, a meta‑analysis published in Psychiatry Research found evidence of an inverse relationship between serum magnesium levels and ADHD.
In other words, children with ADHD were more likely to show magnesium deficiency, reinforcing the importance of screening magnesium as part of ADHD evaluation and management.10
7. Blood Sugar & ADHD Link
A 2022 systematic review found a bidirectional link between metabolic health and ADHD.
Children with ADHD have a higher risk of metabolic issues like Type 1 Diabetes, while those with poor glycemic control (high HbA1c) exhibit more severe inattention and impulsivity.11
In practical terms, a child whose blood sugar is spiking and crashing throughout the day may appear far more symptomatic and may also respond inconsistently to medication.
How to Talk to Your Doctor About Blood Tests
Many parents feel unsure about how to bring this up at an appointment. A simple, direct approach works best.
You might say something like:
“Before we start any medication, I would like to check for any nutritional deficiencies or hormonal imbalances that could be affecting my child’s symptoms. Can we order a thyroid panel, ferritin, zinc, vitamin D, RBC magnesium, B12 with homocysteine, and a fasting glucose profile?”
Most pediatricians will welcome this conversation. It shows you are engaged, informed, and focused on your child’s overall health rather than just a quick fix.
When Should You Talk to a Doctor About Blood Tests
You may want to discuss blood tests with your child’s doctor if:
- Symptoms started suddenly or worsened quickly
- ADHD medication is not working as expected
- Your child has persistent fatigue or low energy
- Sleep problems are frequent or severe
- There are mood swings, irritability, or anxiety
- Appetite or growth patterns have changed
- There is a family history of thyroid disease, anemia, or diabetes
Key Takeaway
Blood tests for ADHD in children are not used to diagnose the condition. The diagnosis remains clinical, based on behavior patterns and developmental history.
In selected cases, however, basic investigations may help identify underlying medical or nutritional factors that could be contributing to attention difficulties or affecting treatment response.
In some children, correcting these imbalances can lead to noticeable improvements in focus, behavior, or overall energy levels. In others, it simply helps ensure that treatment decisions are more precise and better tolerated.
These investigations are supportive rather than diagnostic.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About ADHD Blood Tests
Q1. Can ADHD be detected by a blood test?
No. ADHD is diagnosed through clinical evaluation and behavioral history. However, doctors may recommend blood tests. These help rule out conditions like thyroid imbalance, iron deficiency, or vitamin deficiencies. Such conditions can mimic ADHD symptoms or affect treatment response.
Q2. Why are blood tests sometimes recommended before starting ADHD medication in children?
Blood tests can identify conditions like thyroid imbalance, iron deficiency, or vitamin D deficiency. These conditions can overlap with ADHD symptoms. Addressing them may support a more consistent treatment response. It may also help reduce the likelihood of side effects in some children.
Q3. Is there a specific ADHD blood test?
No. There is no single blood test that diagnoses ADHD. ADHD is assessed through clinical and behavioral evaluation. Blood tests may be used selectively. They help check for underlying medical or nutritional issues that could influence symptoms or treatment planning.
Q4. What vitamin deficiency is linked to ADHD symptoms?
Low levels of vitamin D, B12, iron, zinc, and magnesium have been studied. Some research links these deficiencies to increased ADHD symptom severity. These nutrients support brain function. They also help regulate neurotransmitters involved in attention and mood.
Q5. Which blood markers are most important in children with ADHD symptoms?
Commonly considered markers include thyroid function tests, ferritin, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Folate, homocysteine, magnesium, and blood sugar levels may also be checked. These tests are not required for every child. They are guided by clinical history and symptoms.
Q6. Can nutrient deficiencies make ADHD medication side effects worse?
In some children, nutrient deficiencies may affect how the body responds to medication. This can include irritability, sleep disturbances, or appetite changes. Addressing these nutritional gaps may help improve overall medication tolerance.
Q7. Can low iron or vitamin D cause ADHD symptoms?
Deficiencies do not cause ADHD. However, low iron or vitamin D levels may contribute to inattention, hyperactivity, or mood changes. In some cases, correcting these deficiencies may support overall symptom improvement.
Q8. What is a normal ferritin level for a child with ADHD?
Standard lab ranges often consider levels above 15 ng/mL as normal. However, some research links lower ferritin to more severe symptoms. Doctors interpret results in the context of the child’s overall health. A single target value is not used.
Q9. Do blood tests for ADHD replace behavioral evaluation?
No. Blood tests are a complementary tool. They do not replace clinical and behavioral evaluation. A pediatrician or child specialist must still conduct a full assessment.
Q10. What happens if deficiencies are found?
Your doctor may recommend dietary changes, supplements, or specialist referral. This could include an endocrinologist. Addressing these issues may support overall health and treatment planning.
Q11. Can adults benefit from these tests too?
Yes, in some cases. Similar tests may be considered for adults. This is especially true when symptoms are complex or treatment response is inconsistent. Risk factors like nutritional deficiencies or thyroid concerns may also prompt testing.
References
📚 Click to view references
- Chen G, Gao W, Xu Y, Chen H, Cai H. Serum TSH Levels are Associated with Hyperactivity Behaviors in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023 Mar 7;19:557-564. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007977/
- Peltier MR, Fassett MJ, Chiu VY, Getahun D, et al. Maternal Hypothyroidism Increases the Risk of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring. American Journal of Perinatology. 2021;38(02):191–201. Available from: https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0040-1717073
- Tseng P-T, Cheng Y-S, Yen C-F, Chen Y-W, Stubbs B, Whiteley P, et al. Peripheral iron levels in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. 2018;8:788. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-19096-x
- Anand B, Sireesha CV. Lower serum ferritin levels and higher inattentiveness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a case–control study. Archives of Mental Health. 2022;23(2):95–100. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/amhe/fulltext/2022/23020/lower_serum_ferritin_levels_and_higher.4.aspx
- Ghoreishy SM, Ebrahimi Mousavi S, Asoudeh F, Mohammadi H. Zinc status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:14612. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94124-5
- Rosenau PT, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Matthijssen AFM, van de Loo-Neus GHH, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A. Withdrawing methylphenidate in relation to serum levels of ferritin and zinc in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2022;152:31–37. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395622003119
- Miller MC, Pan X, Eugene Arnold L, Mulligan A, Connor S, Bergman R, deBeus R, Roley-Roberts ME. Vitamin D levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Association with seasonal and geographical variation, supplementation, inattention severity, and theta:beta ratio. Biol Psychol. 2021 May;162:108099. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8187333/
- Meng X, Zheng JL, Sun ML, Lai HY, Wang BJ, Yao J, Wang H. Association between MTHFR (677C>T and 1298A>C) polymorphisms and psychiatric disorder: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 14;17(7):e0271170. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9282595/
- Yektaş Ç, Alpay M, Tufan AE. Comparison of serum B12, folate and homocysteine concentrations in children with autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019 Aug 6;15:2213-2219. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6689552/
- Effatpanah M, Rezaei M, Effatpanah H, Effatpanah Z, Varkaneh HK, Mousavi SM, Fatahi S, Rinaldi G, Hashemi R. Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2019 Apr;274:228-234. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
- Ai Y, Zhao J, Liu H, Li J, Zhu T. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2022;10:936813. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2022.936813/full
